1883, Madagascar, Ranavalo-Manjaka I. Cu Pattern 10 Centimes Coin. PCGS SP64 RB!

Description

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1883, Madagascar, Ranavalo-Manjaka I. Cu Pattern 10 Centimes Coin. PCGS SP64!
Mint Year: 1883
Reference: Lec-5 (ESSAI), KMX-1.
Mint Place: Tientsin, Nanking or Wuchang.
Denomination: Pattern 10 Centimes (ESSAI)
Condition:
Certified and graded by PCGS as SP-64 RB!
Diameter: 30mm
Material: Copper
Weight: 9.8gm
Obverse:
Royal crown within wreath. Three rosettes around.
Legend: * RANAVALO MAJAKA * MPANJAKA NY MADAGASCAR *
Reverse:
Large value numeral (10) above denomination (CENTIMES) and date (18-83) which is separated by illuminated star with an "E" (for essai) inside. All within wreath.
The
Merina Kingdom
, or
Kingdom of Madagascar
, officially the
Kingdom of Imerina
(
c.
1540–1897), was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 19th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar. It spread outward from
Imerina
, the Central Highlands region primarily inhabited by the Merina ethnic group with a spiritual capital at Ambohimanga and a political capital 24 km (15 mi) west at Antananarivo, currently the seat of government for the modern state of Madagascar. The Merina kings and queens who ruled over greater Madagascar in the 19th century were the descendants of a long line of hereditary Merina royalty originating with Andriamanelo, who is traditionally credited with founding Imerina in 1540. In 1883, France invaded the Merina Kingdom to establish a protectorate. France invaded again in 1894 and conquered the kingdom, making it a French colony, in what became known as the Franco-Hova Wars.
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Ranavalona I
(born
Rabodoandrianampoinimerina
(also called
Ramavo
); c. 1778 – August 16, 1861), also known as
Ranavalo-Manjaka I
, was sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861. After positioning herself as queen following the death of her young husband, Radama I, Ranavalona pursued a policy of isolationism and self-sufficiency, reducing economic and political ties with European powers, repelling a French attack on the coastal town of Foulpointe, and taking vigorous measures to eradicate the small but growing Malagasy Christian movement initiated under Radama I by members of the London Missionary Society. She made heavy use of the traditional practice of
fanompoana
(forced labor as tax payment) to complete public works projects and develop a standing army of between 20,000 and 30,000 Merina soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions of the island and further expand the realm. The combination of regular warfare, disease, difficult forced labor and harsh trials by ordeal using a poisonous nut from the Tangena shrub resulted in a high mortality rate among both soldiers and civilians during her 33-year reign, with Madagascar's population reducing from 5 million in 1833 to 2.5 million in 1839.
Although greatly obstructed by Ranavalona's policies, foreign political interests in Madagascar remained undiminished. Divisions between traditionalist and pro-European factions at the queen's court created opportunities that European intermediaries leveraged in an attempt to hasten the succession of her son, Radama II. The young prince disagreed with many of his mother's policies and was amenable to French proposals for the exploitation of the island's resources, as expressed in the Lambert Charter he concluded with a French representative in 1855. These plans were never successful, however, and Radama II did not take the throne until Ranavalona's death in 1861 at the age of 83.
Ranavalona's European contemporaries generally condemned her policies and characterized her as a tyrant at best and insane at worst. These negative characterizations persisted in Western scholarly literature until the mid-1970s. Later academic research recast Ranavalona's actions as those of a queen attempting to expand her empire while protecting Malagasy sovereignty against the encroachment of European cultural and political influence.
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